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Top Ten Antioxidants and Corresponding Antioxidant Foods

 

Antioxidants are powerful nutrients that help the body repair and heal. They protect us from toxins and environmental stress that can produce free radicals in the body, causing cell damage. Minimizing this cell and tissue damage can decrease the effects of aging, and age related diseases.


Here is the Top Ten Antioxidants : 

Vitamin C

Vitamin E

Beta-carotene

Selenium

Lutein

Lycopene

Anthocyanins

Coenzyme Q10

Alpha-lipoic acid

Flavonoids


1- Vitamin C

Vitamin C, also referred to as ascorbic acid, is one of our “first lines of defense” against “attack” in the form of infection, toxins and pollutants. Vitamin C is a water soluble vitamin, meaning it is excreted in the urine, and it can be quickly depleted when compared to fat soluble vitamins which can be stored in our tissues for relatively long periods of time.

Vitamin C is important not only for cell and tissue development, but growth and repair as well. It is crucial in many body functions, such as collagen formation, maintenance of bones and cartilage, iron absorption, immune system function, and the healing of wounds. Many studies conclude that Vitamin C is beneficial for stress, colds, skin health, and reducing inflammation.

In a study at the University of Michigan, researchers examined over 100 studies of Vitamin C done in the last 10 years. Researcher Mark Moyad, MD, MPH noted “The more we study vitamin C, the better our understanding of how diverse it is in protecting health, from cardiovascular, cancer, stroke, eye health [and] immunity to living longer.” Most of the studies the researchers looked at were of subjects using 500 mg of Vitamin C daily to attain beneficial results. The current recommended dietary allowance (RDA) is 74-90 mg daily for adults.

Sources of Vitamin C include oranges, kiwis, strawberries, black currants, mangos, spinach, broccoli, and capsicum.

This is a sample of what you would need to eat in order to equal 500 mg of Vitamin C: 1 cup cantaloupe, 1 cup orange juice, 1 cup cooked broccoli, ½ cup red cabbage, ½ cup red pepper, ½ cup green pepper, 1 medium kiwi, and 1 cup tomato juice.


2- Vitamin E

Vitamin E is fat soluble. It can be stored in the body’s fatty tissues anywhere from a few days to several months. Taking too much Vitamin E can be harmful. Unlike water soluble vitamins, for which excess is excreted in the urine, Vitamin E can be stored in your liver.

Vitamin E is important in healing sunburn and delaying the aging of our skin. It helps us maintain a healthy circulatory system, and aids in wound healing and blood clotting. Studies have shown Vitamin E may lessen premenstrual symptoms, as well as some breast diseases. Studies have suggested that Vitamin E may decrease the risks of coronary artery disease. Animal studies indicate Vitamin E may slow the development of atherosclerosis.

Food sources of Vitamin E include whole grain products, wheat germ, egg yolks, vegetable oil, nuts, peanut butter, seeds, avocado, and liver.


3- Beta-carotene

Carotenoids are pigments found in some plants, and responsible for the bright colors seen in many vegetables. There are over 600 natural carotenoids, all from plants. Carotenoids can be sub-classified as carotenes or xanthophylls. Alpha-, beta-, and gamma carotenes can convert to Vitamin A. Vitamin A is essential for bone development, reproductive system function, and eye health.

Beta-carotene converts to retinol, essential for vision. It subsequently converts to retinoic acid, which is necessary for cell development and growth. Beta-carotene is also thought to protect us from sun damage.

Dietary sources of beta-carotene include carrots, tomatoes, sweet potatoes, cantaloupe, mangos, apricots, winter squash such as pumpkin, spinach, lettuce, broccoli, and parsley.


4-Selenium

Selenium is a mineral, and thought to provide numerous benefits: Stimulates the immune system, providing resistance to cancer and arthritis. Protects us from cardiovascular disease, heart attacks and strokes by preventing clots at sites of vessel damage in the brain and heart. Decreases skin aging. Increases fertility. Protects against damage from smoking.

Selenium deficiency has been linked with Keshan’s heart disease, muscular dystrophy, some cancers, cataracts, growth retardation, infertility, and liver problems.

Selenium is deficient in the soil in China and New Zealand. Selenium is also known to be deficient in the soil in the eastern and central U.S. People who eat a balanced diet of food grown in the western U.S. likely get enough selenium for food sources.

Selenium can be found in seafood, lean meat, brewer’s yeast, and whole grains. It is also found in offal, which is the organs, tail, feet and heads of animals.


5-Lutein


Lutein is a xanthophyll carotenoid. It provides nutrition to our eyes and skin. It is thought to reduce the risk of macular degeneration, a leading cause of blindness with aging.

Sources of lutein dark leafy green vegetables, such as kale, spinach, collards, and some lettuces. Other sources of lutein include egg yolks, corn, green peas, green beans, broccoli, cabbage, brussel sprouts, kiwi, and honeydew.


6-Lycopene

Lycopene is a carotene, and is the pigment that gives vegetables and fruits red color. Recent research suggests lycopene is beneficial for bone and skin health, and male fertility. It is believed to reduce prostate cancer and skin cancer risks, and deter osteoporosis. It is also thought to provide “internal protection” from sunburn.

Lycopene can be found in tomatoes. Some experts recommend raw unprocessed tomatoes, while others suggest heating tomatoes releases three times the amount of lycopene. Lycopene is considered a lipid, and some sources recommend eating tomatoes with oil for better lycopene absorption by the body. Lycopene is also present in watermelon and pink grapefruit.


7-Anthocyanins

Anthocyanins are considered natural anti-inflammatories, and seem to help us maintain normal blood sugar levels. Anthocyanins are thought to have beneficial effects on collagen, the nervous system, large and small blood vessels, and eye sight. You can read details of each of these area at Nutrition Science News.

You can get anthocyanins by eating grapes, berries, red cabbage and eggplant.


8- Coenzyme Q10

Coenzyme Q-10 is also known as CoQ 10 and Ubiquinol-10. It is “food” for the cells of our bodies, and crucial for optimal health. CoQ 10 is produced by all of the body’s cells, and is stored in the kidneys, liver, and heart. Some researchers believe some of the B vitamins, and Vitamin C, facilitate the conversion of tyrosine, an amino acid, to CoQ 10.

CoQ 10 is necessary for the fat metabolism, and energy production. It helps prevent the buildup of fatty acids in the heart tissues by improving the conversion of fatty acids to energy. CoQ 10 is also thought to have a role in decreasing periodontal disease.

Statin drugs, prescribed for high cholesterol, drain the body’s CoQ 10. Studies have demonstrated that most patients with heart problems have deficient CoQ 10.

CoQ 10 is found only in small amounts in foods, such as seafood. Other foods include organ meats, especial heart, chicken and beef. Supplementation with CoQ 10 has been found helpful in treating patients with congestive heart failure, cardiomyopathy, angina, and mitral valve prolapse.


9- Alpha Lipoic Acid (ALA)



Alpha Lipoic Acid (ALA) is considered a “universal antioxidant” that can reach tissues that are primarily composed of fat, like the nervous system, but also tissues with more water content, like the heart.

ALA is thought to energize metabolism, fight free radicals, slow aging, improve skin elasticity, prevent cancer, protect against heart disease such as atherosclerosis, deter chronic fatigue, lessen numbness and tingling, prevent complications of diabetes such as diabetic neuropathy, and protect the liver. It may also protect against HIV.

Food sources of ALA include spinach, brewer’s yeast, red meat, and liver. Many experts recommend supplements to get concentrated doses for the treatment of specific problems.


10-Flavonoids

Flavonoids, also known as bioflavonoids, are a category of nutrients, as vitamins and minerals are categories of nutrients. They have identified over 4000 flavonoids in plants. Flavonoids are “cousins” to carotenes, and like carotenes, they are responsible for bright colors in fruits and vegetables.

Flavonoids are believed to decrease coronary artery disease and decrease the occurrences of heart attacks. They are also thought to protect us against cancer.

Flavonoids are found in tea, green tea, red wine, onions, fruits including citrus, grapes and apples. 

Are peanuts good for you?

 
What are peanuts?

Did you know that peanuts are not nuts? Yes, it's true. Peanuts are not nuts but a member of the legume family related to peas, lentils, chickpeas and other beans. Legumes are edible seeds enclosed in pods. As a group, they provide the best source of concentrated protein in the plant kingdom. In comparison to similar foods, peanuts contain more protein than any other legume or nut. That's good, isn't it?



Are peanuts good for you?

Although peanuts are known to have high fat content, they are mostly beneficial monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats ("good" fats), which help lower cholesterol levels and reduce your risk of coronary heart disease.

One ounce of peanuts (a small handful) contain 2 grams of fiber, which is 9% of your daily fiber need. Also, one ounce of peanuts provides 16% of your daily need of vitamin E. Vitamin E acts as a powerful antioxidant in the body which helps prevent heart disease and cancer and, keeps the blood circulation healthy by preventing blood clots.

Phytosterols in peanuts have been studied in regards to cancer. They are also known to reduce bad cholesterol, and more good health benefits are found showing that they may inhibit lung, stomach, ovarian, prostate, colon, and breast cancer. Phytosterols may inhibit the growth of cancer cells, their invasion into other parts of the body, and may cut off the blood flow to cancers.

Peanuts are also good sources of niacin, folate, magnesium, potassium and calcium for you. In addition, peanuts provide resveratrol, the phenolic antioxidant also found in red grapes and red wine.



So there you go... peanuts are good for you.

Peanuts Health Benefits - Peanuts are good for you!

The health benefits of peanuts are staggering. Eating a handful of peanuts a day has been found to be a good source of healthy vitamins and minerals that protect our body from many diseases including cancer. The numerous health benefits of peanuts include:


1.PEANUTS CAN HELP REDUCE HEART DISEASES - One of the health benefits of peanuts is that peanuts contain monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats that keep the heart in good health. A good level, of both; monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats results in lowering blood cholesterol levels, and thereby reducing the risk of coronary heart diseases.


2.PEANUTS CAN HELP PREVENT CANCER - Phytosterols in peanuts have been studied in regards to cancer. Phytosterols may inhibit the growth of cancer cells, their invasion into other parts of the body, and may cut off the blood flow to cancers. They are also known to reduce bad cholesterol. In addition, more health benefits are found showing that they may inhibit lung, stomach, ovarian, prostate, colon, and breast cancer.


3.PEANUTS ARE HIGH IN PROTEIN - Another of the health benefits of peanut is that it's loaded in protein. Protein is essential to the health of our cells. The cells in our body are constantly being replaced and repaired. We need protein to ensure the health of the new cells, and repair the damaged ones. Peanuts are an extremely high source of plant protein. Peanuts should be regularly incorporated in diet for children, vegetarians and protein deficient people.


4.PEANUTS ARE HIGH IN ANTIOXIDANT - You know the benefits of antioxidants to our health. Peanuts contain high concentrations of the antioxidant polyphenols, primarily a compound called p-coumaric acid and oleic acid, that not only protect the heart but inhibit the growth of free radicals, keeping infection at bay.


5.PEANUTS ARE GOOD SOURCE OF MINERALS - A rich source of minerals like magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, calcium, sodium, etc, so needed by our body to function well, is ensured by a regular consumption of peanuts. One of the health benefits of peanuts is that peanuts contain adequate supply of these minerals to ensure a healthy heart, and ensure minimized risk of mineral deficient diseases.


6.PEANUTS ARE GOOD SOURCE OF VITAMINS - Vitamins are important for overall growth and development of a healthy body. The body benefits in vitamins so much. Vitamins ensure vital health for cells and tissues, and for fighting infections, etc, that in return ensure smooth functioning of our organs. Peanuts provide our body with essential vitamins, that also help in regulating metabolism, converting fat and carbohydrates into energy, and facilitating bone and tissue formation. A good source of folate, peanuts reduce the incidence of birth defects, and anemia related conditions.


7.PEANUTS PROMOTE HEALTHY BONES - One of the health benefits of peanuts is that it's also rich in calcium which helps promotes healthy bones.


8.PEANUTS PROVIDE PROTECTION AGAINST ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE - Peanuts' high niacin content helps in the recovery of cell damage provides protection against Alzheimer's disease and age-related cognitive problem.


9.PEANUTS CAN LOWER THE RISK OF COLON CANCER - Studies show that one of the health benefits of peanuts is lowering the risk of colon cancer. It was found that eating peanuts just 2 or more times each week was associated with a 58% lowered risk of colon cancer in women and a 27% lowered risk in men. An ounce of peanuts (a small handful) contains 2 grams of fiber, which is 9% of your daily fiber need.


10.PEANUTS CAN GREATLY REDUCE THE RISK OF STROKE - Another one of the many health benefits of peanuts is that peanuts contain bioflavonoid resveratrol. Peanuts have been found to have higher bioflavonoid resveratrol content than grapes. This bioflavonoid is believed to improve blood flow in the brain by as much as 30%, thus greatly reducing the risk of stroke.

Morning Routine Ideas for a Healthier and Happier Day

 
Rise and shine little bunny rabbit. It’s the start of another perfect day. The air is crisp, the birds are chirping, and tiny dew droplets on blades of grass shimmer and shine as the sun begins to warm the earth. Do you notice? If not, maybe a change in your morning routine would help.

Many of us begin our days in an all-too-familiar fashion. Maybe a bowl of Wheaties with the paper, or a jelly doughnut followed by a cigarette. Whatever it is, good or bad, it's your morning routine, and it may have a larger effect on your day-to day happiness and health than you had previously thought.

Starting your day off right is important. The following morning activities will ensure that today is a beautiful day, tomorrow is even better, and you can appreciate the birds chirping.


1. Coffee? Eat an apple instead



Coffee is the first thought that pops into your head as you rub the sleep away each morning. You are probably better off reaching for the fruit bowl instead of the coffee pot - says some not-so recent studies. Strangely enough, a single apple can provide as much energy as a cup of coffee.

However unlike coffee, an apple derives its energy not from artificial caffeine, but from natural sugars, which boost blood sugar levels (giving you more energy and stimulating alertness).

The uplifting effects of an apple are most noticeable first thing in the morning, on an empty stomach. Other benefits of opting for apples: fresher breath, whiter teeth and no “crash” later. Remember, while coffee in moderation is by no means bad for your health, you can never have too many apples.


2. Stretch it out



A daily stretch routine can be beneficial in many ways. Even touching your toes can add years to your life. It's a great way to relieve stress, relax the mind, and give you more energy. It also provides for better flexibility and coordination, improved circulation, and decreases the risk of injury.

Good morning stretch routine

Back Stretch

1. Lie down with your back on the floor.

2. Put your arms flat on the ground next to your legs and raise your legs towards your head.

3.Touch the floor past your head if you are able to.

4. Hold your legs there for 15 seconds.

5. Repeat as many times as needed.


3.Be thankful and count your blessings



Your first conscious breath of the day should be accompanied with a smile, for you're alive. If not, start counting your blessings. Literally. Writing down, or even thinking about things you are grateful for can have many psychological and even physical benefits.

A study from Robert Emmons and Michael McCullough in 2003 took two groups of participants, one group was asked to think about things they were grateful for, the other was not. Those with thoughts of gratitude reported "greater levels of optimism, positive mood, and feelings of belongingness over the period of the study." Furthermore, the same participants were even physically healthier, reporting fewer symptoms of illness and exercising more.


4.Feel the sun, breathe the air



What is warm, touches everyone, and supports all life on planet Earth? You guessed it - the sun. And feeling it's rays or even fresh air on your skin can be a delightful sensation, especially just after waking up. "Skin may be more receptive to touch in the morning as nerves first wake up."

A recent study showed how more sunshine early in a person’s life meant less risk of multiple sclerosis later in life. And, as an excellent source of Vitamin D, sunlight is crucial in maintaining a healthy immune system and strengthening bones. To reap all the benefits sunlight has to offer, step outside and enjoy a refreshing life shower.


Too much cloud cover?

For those of you living closer to the poles and further away from the sun, do not fret. There is still hope. To ensure you're getting sufficient amounts of Vitamin D that you would otherwise get naturally from the sun, try snacking on the following foods:


Cod Liver Oil
Salmon
Mackerel
Sardines
Vitamin D milk


5. Eat a healthy breakfast



Since young children we were told to eat our fruits and veggies. But as adults, did you know eating a healthy and well-balanced breakfast is just as, if not more important? Studies have shown students who eat breakfast tend to do better in school, and the same applies to adults at work. Breakfast is the fuel for your day, and filling up your tank with quality fuel is a key ingredient to a good today and healthy tomorrow.


6.Exercise



Just 30 minutes of exercise a day helps to strengthen bones, build muscle, improve skin, increase relaxation and optimism, decrease risk of disease and illness and much much more. In truth, exercise is good at any time of day, but what better way to start your day than with 30 minutes of exercise? It will infuse more energy and a bigger smile into your day.


7. Listen to music



Musicians compose from the heart, and their music speaks to our soul. It speaks when we can't find the words, and it fills our brains when it’s void of thought. It’s wonderful, and by adding it to your morning routine, you will feel it’s wonderful effects. Research has shown how music can have many positive effects on us by stimulating brain cells and increasing optimism. Try listening to some upbeat music during your morning shower or while making breakfast.


8. Sleep in…but not too much



Is there such a thing as too much of a good thing? When talking about sleeping in – yes. Obviously, the amount of sleep needed to be healthy depends on various factors like age, level of activity, health, and lifestyle. But researchers have found that too much sleep, or over sleeping, is linked to a multitude of medical problems.Diabetes, obesity, headaches, back pain, depression, and heart attacks as some of the negative side effects of continually sleeping more than the average seven to nine hours. Whether you're unemployed or just plain slothful, you will benefit from getting out of bed before your sheets swallow you whole.


9. Choose happiness

Happiness is a choice we make each morning as soon as we lift our little eyelids. Serious mental disorders aside, we can all choose happiness, no matter what circumstances we are faced with.

Condiments That Help You Become Healthier

 

When losing weight or trying to stay healthy it is always hard going to family BBQ's and restaurants because you know how many calories can add when your at one of these feasts. Well, you really can't help what your family is serving you at the BBQ and restaurants don't always have the best food to eat to help you stay healthy or in shape. What you can do is make sure you are not adding the unnecessary things to your food like heavy sauces that contain a lot of salt or dressings that are loaded with mayo. With all these extra sauces and dressings your meal could turn into a disaster, going from 600 calories to over 1000. Not only will these extras help pack on the pounds, but they are also extremely unhealthy because of being highly processed and having tons of sugars and salts added into them. Below you will see the condiments that you can replace these unwanted sauces with. It will make your BBQ experience less stressful and you will finally know what to add on your foods.



Mustard

With no calories and no fat how couldn't mustard be on this list? This was no the only reason why this condiment made this prestigious list. Mustard is surprisingly known for speeding up your metabolism and improving you digestive health. Mustard comes from a very tiny seed, but this seed holds amazing health benefits for the human body, especially when it comes to losing weight. Because your metabolism is increased with this spice your body will be able to burn more calories without any physical activity. Yes its true, when your metabolism is increased your body burns calories faster, which in the end helps you shed the pounds. Mustard seeds are also an outstanding source of omega-3 fatty acids as well as calcium, dietary fiber, iron, manganese, magnesium, niacin, phosphorus, protein, selenium and zinc. Omega-3 fats are the fats that help burn calories and improve your metabolisms speed. These fats are very helpful and healthy to the body. Selenium, also mentioned, is a nutrient that has been shown to help reduce asthma, arthritis and certain cancers, while magnesium also reduces asthma and lowers blood pressure. This condiment is highly used all around the world, which is great because of its healthy benefits, but next time you put mayonnaise on your sandwich think twice because mustard can help you live longer.


Hot Sauce

You would never think it, but yes hot sauce is actually one of the healthiest condiments to use on your food. With its ability to give your food that hot spice, it also has the ability to stimulate stomach secretions, stimulate blood flow to the stomach, and increases its mucous lining. Not only can it do these wonderful things, but it can relieve you of a stressful situation. stressful situations in life often bring depression causing you to do things that make you comfortable, eat. The things you eat while being depressed are not always the best things either, so instead of eating a Boston filled donuts try putting hot sauce on your chicken. Hot sauce, like mustard and most other condiments, boost your metabolism helping you burn unwanted fat. It doesn't stop though because hot sauce can have the abilities to reduce chances of cancer, cure a cold, and offers protection against Salmonella. So Bring on the hot sauce!


Salsa

Salsa has many of the same attributes as hot sauce considering their main ingredients both consist of hot peppers. As mentioned, like hot sauce, salsa reduces depression, can cure a cold, and boost your metabolism. But some things that hot sauce may not contain is vitamin C, a low-fat, low-cal alternative to sour cream, margarine, or butter. Salsa even counts as an extra vegetable. Also because salsa's other main ingredient is tomatoes it is very rich in something called lycopenes, which are carotenoid. These caroteniods can help prevent heart diseases and other main cancers such as prostate cancer.

Make the salsa from scratch at your home, this will give the best benefits and it will cut out the processed foods. Cook it on your stove because this will truly make the salsa at its healthiest state. When heated the caroteniods are at its highest count, while products found it stores are served raw, therefore not giving it that high caroteniod count.


Curry Powder

Curry powder consists of many different spices and herbs that blend together for a very healthy condiment. Turmeric, curry’s main ingredient is know by its yellow color. It is a member of the ginger family and turmeric has long been associated with its healing properties. Used a for antiseptic, turmeric is used regularly to treat damaged skin such as cuts or burns. It's even being touted as a possible cure for Alzheimer's disease. The other main ingredients the Curry Powder consists of is black pepper, cinnamon, allspice, anise, chili powder, and cardamom.


Cinnamon

Cinnamon has a very long list of things that it can do to help the human body and keep you healthier. First lets start with a recent study. In a recent study 1/2 teaspoon of cinnamon can lower your cholesterol and it may be beneficial to people that suffer from type 2 diabetes. In the past the Chinese would use cinnamon to cure colds, flatulence, nausea, diarrhea, and painful menstrual periods. Cinnamon is also thought to improve energy, vitality, and the circulation of your blood flow. Cinnamon also has the ability to fight cancer, cures respiratory problems, cures infections, reduces arthritis pain, gets rid of blackheads and acne, helps immune system to be stronger, and can help reduce the number on the scale.


Vinegar

To start off vinegar is a a dieters life, because of the few to zero calories that is in it. Some studies have shown that vinegar helps stabilize blood sugar levels. Another study showed that people who drank two tablespoons of vinegar before meals showed more weight loss than the group who didn't. Vinegar is a great condiment to put on your salad but it is starting to be replaced by fatty dressings that are mayo-based. Salads are starting to turn into 2000 calorie meals because of certain dressings like blue cheese, ranch, and Caesar. So for a healthier diet put oil and vinegar on your salad instead of the highly fattening dressings listed above.



Ketchup

Ketchup is probably the most common condiment on this list, but how healthy is it for your body. Ketchup, like salsa, has a tomato base which contains a lot of lycopene Lycopene is full of antioxidants and can help the body in many ways. Although ketchup is a healthy condiment, it is not that healthy to eat considering the fact that it has a lot of sugar in it, which can lead to belly fat. So instead of buying the regular Heinz ketchup do a little research and look up brands of ketchup that contain low amounts of sugar and salt. Then you will be getting those great benefits without that unwanted sugar.


Hummus

Hummus is so delicious and creamy and now once you find out its health benefits your going to be obsessed with this condiment. Hummus is made out of chickpeas which contain a lot a protein and fiber. Fiber will help you stay full for a long period of time, so you don't get those late night munchies where the weight really starts to add on. Protein does this too, but it also helps you heal your muscles so you aren't sore the next day from a big work out. Hummus is highly recommended to runners and lifters. Hummus can be considered a vegetable because it has the same attributes as a vegetable which is being high in fiber, minerals, and antioxidants. The best way to eat hummus is with bread, but make sure you use whole wheat or wheat bread to stay to the healthy side.


Greek Yogurt

Yogurt itself is pretty healthy, but Greek yogurt makes this condiment one of the healthiest foods you can eat, period. there seems to be no exceptions to this one, with high protein, low fat, and a high calcium count this tops it all off. The proteins in this yogurt can help you get through a workout and keep you full for hours. The low fat content is pretty much self-explanatory. And the calcium can help you stay strong during you senior years of life. Greek yogurt can help prevent Alzheimer's and other muscle/bone problems. Yogurt can be great on a hot-baked potato, but the best thing about this one is you can eat it by itself.


Lemon/Lime

Lemon and lime are great citrus condiments that can be added to pretty much anything. This low everything is full of antioxidants that protect your body from many diseases and cancer. Lemon and limes are also great for weight loss. When you are trying to loss weight a lot of the foods you are trying to eat just don't taste good and these citrus fruits can help you get those tasteless foods down. Put the fat-free condiment on chicken and like mustard you can also add it into you salads to get rid of fatty dressing that are poured into it making a 80 calorie meal turn into 800 calories. The lime and the lemon will not add any calories or any bad nutritional facts such as carbs and fatty acids. For these two condiments its all about the goods.

Yes, you can change a tire on a moving car

 

Can you change a tire quickly? It doesn't matter, because your skills fail to impress this crew of Saudi stunt drivers. No need for a jackstand when you have three friends, a long stretch of road and the ability to pilot a vehicle like one of the Duke boys.


While this stunt takes a lot of skill, and cojones far outweighing the curb weight of the vehicle involved, we checked the stupidity meter and it exploded in our hands.

Underground Town of Kariz In IRAN

 

The Kish Qanat in Kariz, Iran is more than 2,500 years old and currently has been converted into an underground town at a depth of 16 meters below the surface, with an area of more than 10,000 sq m. The Qanat is an ancient system found in arid regions that brings groundwater from the mountains, following a water-bearing formation (aquifer), and emerge at an oasis, through a series of tunnels. The tunnels perhaps several kilometers long, are roughly horizontal, with a slope. This allows water to drain out to the surface by gravity to lower and flatter agricultural land. Considered to be the oldest feat of human engineering, this system can be found still working in Iran.

The ancient water provision technology can be described as the greatest contribution made by Iranians to hydraulics. This system must have been started at least 5000 years ago in Iran. The water from the qanat flowed in a natural underground stream between a layer of corals on the surface of the island. The drinking water flowed from northeast of the Island to the sea and after 10 centuries it continues to flow.

Unusual golden tiger

 







Ice lake on Mars

 


A giant patch of frozen water has been pictured nestled within an unnamed impact crater on Mars.

The photographs were taken by the High Resolution Stereo Camera on board Mars Express, the European Space Agency probe which is exploring the planet.

The ice disc is located on Vastitas Borealis, a broad plain that covers much of Mars' far northern latitudes.

The existence of the water-ice patch on Mars raises the prospect that past or present life will one day be detected.

It also boosts the chances that manned missions could eventually be sent to the Red Planet - because they would probably need accessible water to survive.

Highly visible

The highly visible ice lake is sitting in a crater which is 35 km (23 miles) wide, with a maximum depth of about two km (1.2 miles).

Scientists believe the water-ice is present all year round because the temperature and pressure are not sufficient to allow it to change states.

Researchers studying the images are sure it is not frozen carbon dioxide (CO2), because CO2 ice had already disappeared from the north polar cap at the time the image was taken.

The team has also been able to detect faint traces of water-ice along the rim of the crater and on the crater walls.

Mars is covered with deep gorges, apparently carved out by rivers and glaciers, although most of the water vanished millions of years ago.
 
Large reserves of water-ice are also known to be held at the poles on Mars, and probably at great depth at many locations around the planet.

People with low self-esteem show more signs of prejudice

 
When people are feeling badly about themselves, they're more likely to show bias against people who are different. A new study published in Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science, examines how that works. "This is one of the oldest accounts of why people stereotype and have prejudice: It makes us feel better about ourselves," says Jeffrey Sherman of the University of California, Davis, who wrote the study with Thomas Allen. "When we feel bad about ourselves, we can denigrate other people, and that makes us feel better about ourselves."

Sherman and Allen used the Implicit Association Test (IAT)—a task designed to assess people's automatic reactions to words and/or images—to investigate this claim. In order to reveal people's implicit prejudice, participants are asked to watch a computer monitor while a series of positive words, negative words, and pictures of black or white faces appear. In the first part of the test, participants are asked to push the "E" key for either black faces or negative words and the "I" key for white faces or positive words. For the second task, the groupings are reversed—participants are now supposed to associate positive words with black faces and negative words with white faces.

Determining prejudice in the IAT is pretty straightforward: If participants have negative associations with black people, they should find the second task more difficult. This should be especially true when people feel bad about themselves.

But what psychologists don't agree on is how this works. "People were using the exact same data to make completely different arguments about why," Sherman says. There are two possibilities: either feeling bad about yourself activates negative evaluations of others, or it makes you less likely to suppress those biases.

In their experiment, Sherman and Allen asked participants to take a very difficult 12-question test that requires creative thinking. No one got more than two items correct. About half of the participants were given their test results and told that the average score was nine, to make them would feel bad about themselves. The other half were told that their tests would be graded later. All of the participants then completed the IAT and, as expected, those who were feeling bad about their test performance showed more evidence of implicit prejudice.

But Sherman and Allen took it a step farther. They also applied a mathematical model that reveals the processes that contribute to this effect. By plugging in the data from the experiment, they were able to determine that people who feel bad about themselves show enhanced prejudice because negative associations are activated to a greater degree, but not because they are less likely to suppress those feelings.

The difference is subtle, but important, Sherman says. "If the problem was that people were having trouble inhibiting bias, you might try to train people to exert better control," he says. But his results suggest that's not the issue. "The issue is that our mind wanders to more negative aspects of other groups. The way around that is to try and think differently about other people. When you feel bad about yourself and catch yourself thinking negatively about other groups, remind yourself, 'I may be feeling this way because I just failed a test or something.'"

Cats Adore, Manipulate Women

 

Cats attach to humans, and particularly women, as social partners, and it's not just for the sake of obtaining food.

The bond between cats and their owners turns out to be far more intense than imagined, especially for cat aficionado women and their affection reciprocating felines, suggests a new study.

Cats attach to humans, and particularly women, as social partners, and it's not just for the sake of obtaining food, according to the new research, which has been accepted for publication in the journal Behavioural Processes.

The study is the first to show in detail that the dynamics underlying cat-human relationships are nearly identical to human-only bonds, with cats sometimes even becoming a furry "child" in nurturing homes.

"Food is often used as a token of affection, and the ways that cats and humans relate to food are similar in nature to the interactions seen between the human caregiver and the pre-verbal infant," co-author Jon Day, a Waltham Centre for Pet Nutrition researcher, told. "Both cat and human infant are, at least in part, in control of when and what they are fed!"

For the study, led by Kurt Kotrschal of the Konrad Lorenz Research Station and the University of Vienna, the researchers videotaped and later analyzed interactions between 41 cats and their owners over lengthy four-part periods. Each and every behavior of both the cat and owner was noted. Owner and cat personalities were also assessed in a separate test. For the cat assessment, the authors placed a stuffed owl toy with large glass eyes on a floor so the feline would encounter it by surprise.

The researchers determined that cats and their owners strongly influenced each other, such that they were each often controlling the other's behaviors. Extroverted women with young, active cats enjoyed the greatest synchronicity, with cats in these relationships only having to use subtle cues, such as a single upright tail move, to signal desire for friendly contact.


While cats have plenty of male admirers, and vice versa, this study and others reveal that women tend to interact with their cats -- be they male or female felines -- more than men do.

"In response, the cats approach female owners more frequently, and initiate contact more frequently (such as jumping on laps) than they do with male owners," co-author Manuela Wedl of the University of Vienna told, adding that "female owners have more intense relationships with their cats than do male owners."

Cats also seem to remember kindness and return the favors later. If owners comply with their feline's wishes to interact, then the cat will often comply with the owner's wishes at other times. The cat may also "have an edge in this negotiation," since owners are usually already motivated to establish social contact.

Although there are isolated instances of non-human animals, such as gorillas, bonding with other species, it seems to be mostly unique for humans to engage in social relationships with other animals. In this case with cats, it's for very good reason. Cats could very well be man's -- and woman's -- best friend.

"A relationship between a cat and a human can involve mutual attraction, personality compatibility, ease of interaction, play, affection and social support," co-author Dorothy Gracey of the University of Vienna explained. "A human and a cat can mutually develop complex ritualized interactions that show substantial mutual understanding of each other's inclinations and preferences."

Dennis Turner, a University of Zurich-Irchel animal behaviorist, told  he's "very impressed with this study on human-cat interactions, in that it has taken our earlier findings a step higher, using more modern analytical techniques to get at the interplay between cat and human personalities."

Turner, who is also senior editor of The Domestic Cat: The Biology of Its Behaviour (Cambridge University Press), added that he and his colleagues "now have a new dimension to help us understand how these relationships function."

Kotrschal's team is presently involved in a long-term study of man's other well-known animal best friend: dogs.

Mobiles 'increase brain activity'

 
“Mobile phones are a brain cell killer,” reported The Sun. The newspaper claimed that a study of hundreds of mobile users found that the signals emitted during calls can cause a 7% rise in chemical changes in the brain. It said that these may boost the chances of developing cancer. Other papers also reported the study in a more balanced way.

The laboratory-based study recruited 47 healthy volunteers who had their brain activity measured while they had mobile phones fixed to both sides of their head. One of the handsets received a call on silent for 50 minutes. Brain scans showed there was a 7% increase in brain activity in the area closest to that phone’s antenna.

The Sun over-interpreted the findings of this study and put an alarming spin on it that is not supported by the findings. The study did not show that mobile phones kill brain cells or cause cancer. The size of the effect was small, and the researchers themselves say that the findings are of “unknown clinical significance”. They state that it is not possible to tell from their findings whether or not these effects are harmful. Further research is needed.


Where did the story come from?

The study was carried out by researchers from the National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, both in Bethesda, USA, and the Brookhaven National Laboratory in New York. It was supported by the National Institutes of Health and had infrastructure support from the Department of Energy. The study was published in the peer-reviewed Journal of the American Medical Association.

Many papers reported this study, most confirming that there was no suggestion of a health risk. The Daily Mail mentioned that scientists were unsure why mobile phones may increase brain activity, and that the findings do not in any way indicate that they cause cancer. The Sun’s alarming headline – “Mobile phones are a brain cell ‘killer’,” – does not reflect the findings of the study.




What kind of research was this?

This experimental research was conducted in healthy volunteers, who were artificially exposed to low levels of electromagnetic radiation from mobile phones and given a brain scan.

The researchers were interested to see if mobile phone exposure affected brain glucose metabolism, a marker of brain activity.

They say that mobile phone use is now widespread, prompting research into the radiofrequency-modulated electromagnetic fields they emit, the extent to which these penetrate into the brain and whether they are harmful. They say that there is particular concern as to whether these emissions could cause cancer. This has been studied in observational studies with inconclusive results, and the issue remains unresolved.

In randomised crossover studies, such as this one, each volunteer receives a number of interventions in a random order, so that all volunteers get each intervention. This is an appropriate way of testing the short-term physiological effects of phone use.




What did the research involve?

The researchers recruited 47 healthy participants using adverts placed in local newspapers in 2009, in which they were offered $250 to take part. Anyone with medical, psychiatric or neurological diseases was excluded. The researchers made particular efforts to exclude anyone who had recently taken psychoactive drugs (including alcohol and nicotine) as these can affect brain activity. To check for these, urine samples were taken from the participants before each experimental session took place. There were equal numbers of male and female participants, with an average age of 31 years. Most favoured their right ear when using the phone and only 19% favoured their left ear.

A Samsung mobile phone was placed on each of the participants’ ears and secured to their head. The position of the phones’ antennae was adjusted so that the effect of exposure to this part of the phone could be assessed. Each participant was prepared for the brain scan with an injection of fluorodeoxyglucose (18FDG). This commonly used radioactive chemical is used in scans to highlight high-glucose-using cells, such as active brain cells.

The phone of the right hand side of the participant’s head was then called, and a recorded message played for 50 minutes. Both the phones were muted (turned to silent) so the participant could not hear the message and in theory would not know that one of the phones was connected. The electromagnetic emissions around the phones were monitored to check that the phones were working and where the field was strongest. The volunteers were then scanned using positron emission tomography (PET), a device that produces pictures of the brain in which coloured areas show increased glucose metabolism (and, therefore, increased brain activity).

Two scans were taken on two different days. On one of the days, both phones were turned off and didn’t receive calls. On the other day, the right phone was turned on and the left phone was switched off. The participants did not know when or which of the phones was turned on and this was randomly assigned (i.e. the participants were blinded).

Standard statistical testing was used to map and compare the metabolism between the “on” and “off” conditions.




What were the basic results?

Measurements of glucose metabolism across the whole of the brain did not differ whether the phones were turned on or off (metabolism was 41.2 μmol/100 g per minute when the phone was off and 41.7 μmol/100 g per minute when the phone was on and receiving a call).

However, when the researchers looked at particular regions of the brain, they found significant effects in areas close to the phone’s antenna (including the right orbitofrontal cortex and the lower part of the right superior temporal gyrus). Here, the study found a difference in glucose metabolism when the phone was on and receiving a call compared to when it was not. Glucose metabolism was measured as 35.7 μmol/100 g per minute when a phone was active compared with 33.3 μmol/100 g per minute when it was not, a mean difference in glucose metabolism of 2.4 μmol/100 g per minute (95% confidence interval 0.67 to 4.2).


How did the researchers interpret the results?

The researchers say that in healthy participants, 50 minutes of mobile phone exposure was “associated with increased brain glucose metabolism in the region closest to the antenna”. They say that this finding “is of unknown clinical significance”.


Conclusion

This experiment appears to have been carefully conducted. The study found a small significant difference in glucose metabolism in the area of the brain near the antenna of an active mobile phone. There are several points to note about the results that may affect their interpretation, some of which the researchers mention:


The increase in glucose metabolism is proportionately small (2.4/33.3 μmol/100 g per minute or 7% as the papers quote). Any increased activity in the brain cells due to thinking, for example, could have led to this difference, and the wide confidence interval suggests that the difference in metabolism could have been as low as 0.67/33.3 μmol/100 g per minute or 2%.


The study does not investigate whether mobile phones cause cancer or, as the researchers say, whether this small increase in brain activity has any detrimental effect.


It is possible that the participants could tell if the phone was on or off or receiving a call even if they were set to silent. For example, the phone that was turned on may have been warmer. This was not tested or reported by the researchers. This is important because knowing whether the phone was making a call could have influenced the underlying brain activity.



Overall, this study provides useful additional information about the effects of phone use in experimental conditions. The effect observed was small and the researchers clearly state that they do not know the clinical significance of their findings. Further research is needed to clarify if this effect is real, and if so whether increasing the activity of brain cells in this way leads to any long-term harmful effects.

Ginger Better than Drugs for Pain?

 
New research in the Journal of Pain reports that ginger is an effective natural anti-inflammatory that helps reduce pain and inflammation. Both raw ginger and heated ginger were used in the study with similar effectiveness. The scientists specifically explored ginger’s effects on muscle pain.

Ginger has been used medicinally for thousands of years in Ayurvedic medicine in India as a natural anti-inflammatory food. Dr. Krishna C. Srivastava, a world-renowned research on the therapeutic effects of spices, at Odense University in Denmark has also conducted extensive research into the anti-pain effects of ginger. In one study, Dr. Srivastava gave arthritic patients small amounts of ginger daily for three months. The majority of people had significant improvements in pain, swelling, and morning stiffness by eating ginger daily.

Dr. Srivastava also found that ginger was superior to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like Tylenol or Advil because NSAIDs only work on one level: to block the formation of inflammatory compounds. Ginger, on the other hand, blocks the formation of the inflammatory compounds–prostaglandins and leukotrienes–and also has antioxidant effects that break down existing inflammation and acidity in the fluid within the joints.

Use ginger to address muscular or joint pain and inflammation. The amount used in Dr. Srivastava’s study was 5 grams of fresh ginger or 1 tsp of dried ginger, in divided doses throughout the day. Fresh or dried ginger can be added to stir-fries, curries, soups, or made into tea. Chop a two to three inch piece of fresh ginger, add it to a quart of water and boil on the stove for 30 to 60 minutes. Add one to three drops of stevia to sweeten each cup of tea. Drink three cups daily for arthritic or muscle pain.

Health Benefits of Black Rice: The New Superfood

 
The health benefits of black rice make it the new superfood. It was called the forbidden rice in ancient China. Now, it’s super nutrition secrets have been exposed in America.


Black Rice has been well known and eaten in China for centuries. Only the emperors were allowed to eat it. A commoner could face death if caught eating it. This is why you may see black rice referred to as forbidden rice.


Only recently has the United States discovered the great health benefits of black rice. It is considered a Superfood.

Black rice is full of fiber, vitamins, minerals, and amino acids. The most impressive contents is it’s antioxidants, specifically anthocyanins, which gives black rice it’s dark blue/purple color. Black rice contains more anthocyanins than blueberries.

Anthocyanins, and other antioxidants have been shown to prevent heart disease and cancer.

Black rice contains more fiber than brown rice. Studies prove that fiber helps lower cholesterol and blood pressure, reducing the risk of heart disease. Fiber is also important in the fight against cancer, particularly colon cancer.

Louisiana State University food scientist, Dr Xu in Baton Rouge, Louisiana lead a recent research study on black rice. He predicts that food manufacturers will use extracts from black rice to make healthier foods and beverages in the U.S.

The health benefits of black rice against the two major health diseases in America, heart disease and cancer, make it worth your while to give it a try. You can find black rice in Asian markets, and health food stores.

9 Myths About Hand Hygiene

 
Myth #1: Washing your hands with soap and water will kill germs.

Handwashing with plain soap and water does not result in pathogen destruction.


Myth #2: The use of any soap is better than plain water in handwashing.

Soap isn't designed to kill bacteria. It acts as a surfactant to lift dirt off of surfaces so it can be rinsed away.


Myth #3: Hot water is better than cold water for effective handwashing.

Scientists with the Joint Bank Group/Fund Health Services Department pointed out that various temperatures had "no effect on transient or resident bacterial reduction." They found no evidence that hot water had any benefit, and noted that it might increase the "irritant capacity" of some soaps, causing contact dermatitis.


Myth #4: Hand sanitizers kill germs more effectively than soap.

The efficacy of alcohol-based hand-hygiene products is affected by several factors, including the type of alcohol used, concentration of alcohol, contact time, volume of alcohol used and whether the hands are wet when the alcohol is applied. Applying small volumes (i.e., 0.2-0.5 mL) of alcohol to the hands is not more effective than washing hands with plain soap and water.


Myth #5: Frequent handwashing or use of hand sanitizers promotes healthy skin.

Occupationally related contact dermatitis can develop from frequent and repeated use of hand hygiene products, exposure to chemicals and glove use.


Myth #6: Wearing gloves replaces handwashing.

Wearing gloves does not eliminate the need for handwashing. Hand hygiene should be performed immediately before donning gloves. Gloves can have unapparent defects or can be torn during use, and hands can become contaminated during glove removal. In addition, bacteria can multiply rapidly in the moist environments underneath gloves.


Myth #7: Wearing gloves ensures prevention of spread of infection.

When employees touch the handles on refrigerator doors, handles on display cases, buttons on scales, knife handles, etc., it makes no difference if they wear gloves or not. Cross-contamination occurs from one surface to another, but probably at a tolerable level.


Myth #8. Alcohol gels are an effective means to reduce infection.

Alcohols have very poor activity against bacterial spores, protozoan oocysts and certain
nonenveloped (nonlipophilic) viruses.


Myth #9: Soap with triclosan is an effective antimicrobial for handwashing.

A recent study compared an antibacterial soap containing triclosan with a non-antibacterial soap and concluded that the former did not provide any additional benefit. Concerns have been raised about the use of triclosan, because of the development of bacterial resistance to low concentrations of biocide and cross-resistance to some antibiotics.

Quinoa: The Powerhouse Seed

 
Commonly considered a grain, quinoa (pronounced keen-wah) is actually a seed which is related to leafy green vegetables such as spinach, chard and beets. Once considered the “mother seed” of the Incas, this South American native is a nutritional powerhouse and its wide array of potential culinary uses makes it one of the most practical foods to store in your pantry.

The remarkable thing about quinoa is that it is one of the rare plant-based foods that supplies all nine essential amino acids, including the elusive lysine, making it a complete protein. While food from animal sources almost always contains complete proteins, vegetable sources of protein are most often lacking in one or more essential amino acids. This makes quinoa an excellent option for vegetarians, vegans, and anyone interested in adding non-meat proteins to their diet. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the content and quality of its proteins are outstanding because of their essential amino acid composition and its biological value (the measurement of nutrition the body can absorb) is comparable to casein (milk protien). Quinoa also boasts one of the highest levels of plant-based iron levels.

Quinoa is also an excellent source for manganese, magnesium, copper, phosphorus and fiber. Quinoa is naturally gluten-free, making it a great food for many who follow a gluten-free diet.

It is available in several colors, most notably red, black and more commonly, off-white. Quinoa is available in many grocery stores, both packaged and in the bulk aisle. If you cannot find it in your supermarket, it should definitely be at your local health food store.

Before cooking quinoa, be sure to rinse it thoroughly to remove any residual resins that might still be on the seeds. Otherwise, it can be quite bitter. Quinoa can be prepared as simply as couscous – add it to boiling water or broth and let it sit for several minutes, and then fluff with a fork. That preparation will give you quinoa in its simplest presentation. This versatile seed can also be served as a breakfast “cereal” – simply add your favorite natural sweetener, along with some cinnamon and berries or chopped apples. It can be added to burritos, salads, a veggie burger or scrambled eggs. It can be sautéed with vegetables or given some kick with Moroccan spices and raisins. Truly, the options are endless and recipes are easy to find. Here are two to get you started, one savory, one sweet.



Quinoa “Caviar”


Quinoa’s texture has a little “pop” to it that makes it a popular stand-in for caviar; although, of course, it’s really nothing like caviar, it’s still a fun way to use it.

1 eggplant
1 onion, minced
1 tablespoon olive oil
1 cup quinoa
2 cups water
Pinch of salt
1/2 cup minced fresh herbs (mint, cilantro, or whatever you have on hand)
1 tablespoon miso paste (or 2 tablespoons soy sauce)
2 tablespoons lemon juice
Dash hot sauce

Roast the eggplant: Cut in half, drizzle with olive oil, and bake at 425F until white flesh is lightly browned and tender, about 30 minutes.

Saute onions in olive oil until soft. Stir in the quinoa and cook, stirring, for 1 minute. Add water and salt, then bring to a boil. Cover the pan, reduce heat and simmer for 15 minutes. Remove pot from heat and let stand for 10 minutes; remove lid, let cool, and fluff with fork.

Puree the eggplant with herbs, miso, and lemon and add to quinoa. Add hot sauce and just seasoning. Garnish with remaining herbs.



Vanilla Quinoa Pudding


Quinoa in this application results in a cross between rice pudding and tapioca, with more protein than either.

3 cups whole milk (works well with soy or nut milk for a vegan version)
1 vanilla bean (split, or 1 tablespoon of vanilla extract)
1/4 cup maple syrup
pinch of salt
1 cup quinoa

Rinse quinoa. Mix milk, vanilla, maple syrup and salt in a saucepan and set on simmer. Add quinoa and cook for 30 minutes, stirring ferquently (but not constantly).Once thickened, remove from heat and allow to cool. Serve warm, or refrigerate. Top with all kinds of delicious tidbits; berries, dried fruit, nuts, nutmeg, brown sugar, etc.

Robert Bradford - Recycled Toy Sculptures

 

Robert Bradford creates his life-size and larger-than-life sculptures of humans and animals from discarded plastic items, mainly toys but also other colorful plastic bits and pieces, such as combs and buttons, brushes and parts of clothes pegs.

The History of Stealth Fighters How Do They Work

 
In early January of 2011, China unveiled it’s newest toy… the J-20 stealth fighter. While the J-20 is still a prototype, it’s maiden voyage was a clear message to America, and the rest of the world, that China is beginning to gain ground with it’s military. However, China still has a lot of work to do with it’s stealth fighter program. They let the entire world know that they’re working on such a technologically wonder, which isn’t very secretive to us. Some are even questioning if the J-20 is stealth at well, since it was believed that it remained years away from completion. Regardless, China is still working on their own stealth fighter, but they still have a distance to go before they catch up to America in that department.

America’s stealth fighters can be traced back to World War II, thanks to Germany. Germany developed a radar absorbing paint to combat the new radar technology that the Allies were using to locate German U-boat submarines. Shortly after WWII, Northrop Aircraft accidentally built the first stealth plane. The YB-49 Flying Wing was a bomber that resembled a wing, since it had no body or tail. After it’s test run over the Pacific, the bomber returned home. Because it’s slim wing edge was pointed directly towards the base radar, it never appeared on any radar screens. The YB-49 project was quickly shelved after it crashed in the Mojave desert in 1948.

At this point, the U.S. and USSR were heavily involved in the Cold War. This resulted in America wanting to convert larger planes, like bombers, into spy planes. To accomplish this, the government turned to the Advanced Development Projects team at Lockheed in California. The result was the U-2. This was the first plane to use radar absorbing paint, which was known as “Iron Ball”. The U-2 was successful for a time, but as radars grew stronger, and surface-to-air missiles were being developed, developers knew it wouldn’t last. They were right. A U-2, and it’s pilot Gary Powers, were shot down. Fortunately, we were already developing another stealth fighter.

By the 1960′s, the A-12 aircraft, which would later be renamed the SR-71 Blackbird, was developed. It had one objective, to have low observability. The revolutionary design was long and slim, with the engines built within the wings, not under them. It was capable to reach high altitudes (above 80,000 feet) and speed (2,000 mph). The SR-71 was also built with radar absorbing materials other than paint, which reduced reflections off of flat surfaces, and contained “electronic countermeasures”. However, as technology advanced, so did the stealth fighter.

During the Vietnam War, and throughout the 1970′s, there were tremendous advancements in stealth. There were the first true stealth aircraft, the Q-Star and the YO-3, which were not very fast, had no armor and were difficult to maneuver. By 1974, the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency began Project HARVEY, which was named after after a well-known comedy about an invisible giant rabbit, to develop aircraft with low “radar cross section” (RCS). In April of 1976, Lockheed won the competition with it’s “Hopeless Diamond” design. The government asked for Lockheed for two of these designs for flight and RCS tests, which cost $32.6 million, provided by DARPA and the USAF, and another $10.4 million from Lockheed. A year later, 1977, two more prototypes were constructed. They were dubbed HAVE BLUE. Their prototypes were 38 feet long, with a wingspan of 22.5 feet and a weight of 12,500 pounds. While not completely stealth, they achieved low RCS. Unfortunately, both prototypes failed, and were buried somewhere in the desert. Around the same time, another prototype was constructed, the SENIOR TREND, which was essentially a larger version of HAVE BLUE.

In 1978, Lockheed began work on yet another stealth program, known as “Skunk Wars,” which were designed from the HAVE BLUE and SENOR TREND prototypes. By 1982, the first F-117A Nighthawk was delivered. The F-117A was an utterly unique design. Its surfaces and edge profiles optimized to reflect enemy radar away from the radar detectors. It was also coated with radar absorbing materials, which resulted in a radar-cross section equivalent to a small bird. It was powered by a pair of 48 k-N General Electric F404-GE-F1D2 turbofans. To keep the aircraft as invisible as possible, the engine exhaust area was wide and flat, with the air intakes on both sides of the fuselage covered by gratings coated with radar absorbent material. The Nighthawk’s two large tail fins lent outwards, obstructing infrared and radar returns of the engine exhaust area. To ensure maximum invisibility, the F-117A didn’t rely on radar for navigation or targeting. The fighter was 65 feet, 11 inches long, 12 feet, 5 inches wide, had a wingspan of 43 feet, 4 inches, weighed 52,500 pounds and cost $45 million per plane. After serving in the first Gulf War, the F-117A was retired.

Currently, America relies on the Lockheed Martin/Boeing F-22 Raptor. It’s origins can also be traced back to the early 1980′s, but after the company won a contract from the government in 1991, they began to make modifications on their YF-22 design. The F-22 made it’s first flight in April of 1997, and, was officially introduced on December 15, 2005. The F-22 features dual afterburners, can reach speeds up to at least Mach 2, is 62 ft 1 in long, 16 ft 8 in wide, has a wingspan of 44 ft 6 in, and weighs 43,430 lb. It’s stealth features are due to a combination of factors, including it’s shape, being built from radar-absorbent materials and focusing on the sensors that involve radar signature, visual, infrared, acoustic, and radio frequency. The F-22 costs $150 million per unit.

It’s only fitting that we end on America’s premier stealth fighter, the Northrop B-2 Spirit. We first saw the B-2 on November 22, 1988. The first operational B-2 was delivered on December 17, 1993, and it hasn’t looked back since. The shape of the aircraft contributes to its stealth and a special radar-absorbant paint further reduces its radar image. It’s exhaust system was designed to hide it’s emissions. The B-2 is capable of not only dropping conventional bombs, but also nuclear weapons. It features Four General Electric F118-GE-100 turbofans of 17,300 lbs. thrust each. Is 69 ft. long, 17 ft. high, has a wingspan of 172 ft. and can reach speeds up to high subsonic. The B-2 costs an astounding $737 million per unit.

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